Paphos, Cyprus
Brisbane, Australia
London, United Kingdom
Sydney, Australia
Shenzhen, China
Melbourne, Australia
New York, New York
Tokyo, Japan
Masdar City, Abu Dhabi
Beijing, China
Umbria, Italy
275 Kent Street, Sydney, Australia
Public spaces are meant to bring us joy and connection, but after a year and a half in lockdown, that sense of exuberance has been stripped away. The last two years have highlighted the extreme inequalities experienced within our cities as well as exposed the previously unknown risk of airborne viral particles floating within our immediate physical environments. However, we’ve also gratefully rediscovered the beneficial ways in which our public spaces can serve as social havens.
As we tentatively attempt to re-emerge from the global depths of the pandemic and regain a sense of normality, what can we as designers and planners do to contribute to a more inclusive sense of connection, wellbeing, and belonging.
In some parts of the world things have pretty much returned to normal but in other parts of the world lockdown is still the status quo. When answering the question, what will be the long-term social effects of COVID 19, there will likely be localised reactions because of localised policies. Where infection rates have not been well handled, and lockdowns have been prolonged, we can expect these to be more severe.
It takes 3-6 months to form a new habit and when you are forced into a particular pattern of behaviour, such as not seeing or touching another person for a long period of time, this may have long term social implications as the pattern becomes an engrained core behaviour.
Loneliness is the equivalent of smoking 15 cigarettes a day
A 2010 Holt-Lunstad report examined the link between the quality and quantity of social relationships and mortality risks. The increased awareness of mental health has been promising during lock down, not just patients and health professionals surviving intensely traumatic experiences, but also the public, dealing with the general malaise of everyday similitude and isolation. During lockdown, loneliness was the obvious symptom, but now that some places are easing restrictions, there are other side effects. Studies undertaken during previous epidemics and the current lockdowns show
that “the experience of quarantine is associated with higher prevalence of stress-related mental disturbances, such as anxiety, depression, and especially avoidance behaviors” (Kato et al, 2020). There has been a surge of memes and genuine articles on social anxiety which may mean we are less likely to reach out to others and it may compound the rising trend of cliques and siloes in society as we cling to those already close to us. For the aspects of society that rely on loose connections between people, in particular social cohesion and innovation, this could be devastating.
Cox et al 2020
COVID has unintentionally cemented the segregation of ourselves from anyone not in our immediate bubble, which is highly likely to be not particularly diverse
Connections with people different from yourself, whether close friends or familiar strangers, makes you a more tolerant person (Laurence et al 2018). In the UK, Brexit was a particularly clear moment to reflect on the implications of social cohesion for wider economic and societal outcomes. Subsequent studies on the geography of voting trends showed that more diverse regions had proportionally fewer votes to leave the EU and positive intergroup contact was associated with greater tolerance for immigration.
Trust in others is only impacted where there are high levels of segregation between different ethnic groups in a neighbourhood (Laurence 2017). For example, the average Briton has 48 per cent fewer interactions with people of different ethnicities than would be expected if ethnicity was irrelevant (Social Integration Commission 2014).This is especially true if you’re the dominant ethnic group.
Add to this that COVID 19 has compounded the fear of others and stigmatized certain groups in society that are more intensely affected by the virus (WHO, 2020) and the impact on social cohesion could be felt for many decades to come.
(Christ et al 2014).
Even in diverse communities, people of different group identities may not always, out of choice or other factors such as affordability, ‘hang out’ in the same social spaces (Blokland, 2010) but contact in common public spaces, be they schools (policy dependent), parks, food markets (pricing dependent), is considered to promote social cohesion (Echols & Graham 2013),. We also know that being singled out as different can be detrimental to social cohesion – as in the stigmatisation of highly visible social housing (Britain Thinks 2019), – but that having a unique identity is critical to a sense of belonging (Herring, 2009). Some identities are universally embraced, again often around entertainment, food and family.
Social relationships in one street market in London were found to be
40%
more socially cohesive than the general community (Bartholomew, 2018) and it was found to be a place considered welcoming by
100%
of recent migrant users (Gonzalez, pending).
Howard Smith Wharves Redevelopment, Brisbane, Australia
For public spaces, locating these centrally can indicate they are valued and encourage natural flow through the site. Clear visibility into these spaces and layers of openness and enclosure once inside means people can choose their level of public exposure. As a designer or developer, be aware of the types of user groups that are present and who is not there, consider how representative the user groups are of the local community and adjust offerings accordingly. Research shows that spontaneous interactions are more likely to happen in the spaces and moments between different activities (Simoes Aelbrecht, 2016). Markets are a practical example.
As a general rule, slightly congested used spaces that overlap novel activities are the most conducive to social cohesion. This presents a difficult problem on the back of the current public health crisis, in the meantime, the responsibility of our neighbourhoods, institutions and work places to promote inclusivity and embrace diversity increase, supporting a return to an even more vital and ‘super diverse’ (Vertovec, 2007) street.
At the building scale, be conscious of the normative messaging of materiality and style. For example, the New London Vernacular style has been lauded for being ‘democratic’ (Urban Design London 2012) but lack of diversity in the built environment profession (Jessel, 2019) calls in to question how well design guide led vernaculars represent highly diverse cities. The desired intent, to increase the quality of the built environment, can be positively linked to social cohesion (Dempsey, 2008), but the invisibility of diversity can signal a lack of integration (Sezer, 2019). Strong local identities are a sought-after ideal in contemporary place-making, uniqueness is what makes exploring new areas so exciting and expression of identity allows us to develop attachment to place (Altman & Low 1992). Ensuring that built identity is expressive and also inclusive is a fine balance that only consideration for and co-design with all potential user groups can produce.
The full outfall of the pandemic has yet to be measured. There have been some incredible moments of human resiliency and triumphs amongst the waves of sorrow and suffering. Our public spaces are too important to become casualties of the health crisis, and many governments have made the decision to prioritize the provision and accessibility of high-quality green spaces.
As we reintroduce ourselves to being in public, we should not lose sight of the true importance of public space for enabling strong social bonds and connections. And as designers and professionals of the built environment we should make it a priority to create inclusive spaces which promote the wellbeing of every community member regardless of race, class, or ethnicity.
Talk to Meg Bartholomew about Social Cohesion
Meg spends most of her time thinking about how to make our cities better places for everyone –more equitable, more socially cohesive and better for our wellbeing. She specialises in understanding place and people through quantitative analysis to support the qualitative perspective of our design and branding teams. She uses these metrics to inform design with purposeful impact, setting a baseline for a development, measuring the potential impact of design iterations through the design process, and estimating the final outcome on the surrounding community, the economy and the environment.
References Aelbrecht & Stevens (2019) Public Space Design and Social Cohesion: An International Comparison. Routledge Altman & Low (1992) Place Attachment. Plenum Press. Bartholomew (2018) Revisiting ‘Rubbing Along’*: Contact, Cohesion and Public Space. Masters Thesis for City Design and Social Science at the London School of Economics Blokland (2010) Do People Who Like Diversity Practice Diversity in Neighbourhood Life? Neighbourhood Use and the Social Networks of ‘Diversity-Seekers’ in a Mixed Neighbourhood in the Netherlands. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Volume 36, 2010 – Issue 2: Linking Integration and Residential Segregation Brewer (2019) Why society is paying the price of inequality. World Economic Forum https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/inequality-in-the-oecd-is-at-a-record-high-and-society-is-suffering-as-a-result/ Britain Thinks (2019) Social Housing in England after Grenfell. Final Report for Shelter Housing. Dempsey, N. (2008). Does quality of the built environment affect social cohesion? Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Urban Design and Planning 161 September 2008 Issue DP3 Pages 105–114 Echols, L. & Graham, S. (2013) Birds of a Different Feather: How Do Cross-Ethnic Friends Flock Together? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 59(4), 461-488. Frangipane (2015) Different types of multiethnic societies and different patterns of development and change in the prehistoric Near East. PNAS July 28, 2015 112 (30) 9182-9189; first published May 26, 2015 Gonzalez (pending publication) Markets4People: Understanding and Enhancing the Community Value of Traditional Retail Markets in UK Cities. Herring (2009) Ethnicity and Culture. In Erskine (ed) A Companion to Ancient History. Wiley-Blackwell Holmes & Berube. (2016) City and metropolitan inequality on the rise, driven by declining incomes. Brookings Institution Jessel (2019) Architecture profession ‘lagging behind’ on diversity, says RIBA. Architect’s Journal https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/architecture-profession-lagging-behind-on-diversity-says-riba/10041684.article Laurence, J. (2017). Wider-community Segregation and the Effect of Neighbourhood Ethnic Diversity on Social Capital: An Investigation into Intra-Neighbourhood Trust in Great Britain and London. Sociology, 51(5), 1011-1033. McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. (2001). Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 415-444 Milgram (1972). The Individual in a Social World: Essays and Experiments. Pinter & Martin Ltd.; 3rd Revised edition edition (24 May 2010) Sezer, C. (2018). Visibility of Turkish Immigrants in Amsterdam. TU Delft – Urbanism – Working paper series. Simões Aelbrecht, P. (2016). ‘Fourth places’: The contemporary public settings for informal social interaction among strangers. Journal of Urban Design, 21(1), 1-29. WEF (2020) The Global Risks Report 2020. World Economic Forum